查看“II期”的源代码

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            <strong>[[II期]]</strong>（<strong>[[Stage II]]</strong>）是[[AJCC]]/[[UICC]]癌症分期系统中用于描述肿瘤处于<strong>[[局部早期]]</strong>或<strong>[[中期]]</strong>的阶段。在这一阶段，[[原发肿瘤]]的体积已增大（通常对应[[TNM分期]]中的<strong>[[T2]]</strong>或<strong>[[T3]]</strong>），或已侵犯至邻近组织，但尚未发生广泛的区域[[淋巴结转移]]（[[N0]]或少量[[N1]]）及远端器官转移（[[M0]]）。作为临床决策的关键节点，[[II期]]患者通常具有治愈的可能，其管理重心已从单纯的<strong>[[根治性手术]]</strong>演进为“手术+[[辅助治疗]]”的综合模式，旨在清除[[微小残留病灶]]（[[MRD]]）并降低复发风险。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">[[II期]] (Stage II)</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px;">[[AJCC]] 局部进展阶段 · 点击展开</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">核心评价指标：[[T2/T3]], [[N0/N1]], [[M0]]</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 45%;">分期标准</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">AJCC / UICC</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[TNM]]属性</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">局部浸润/有限淋巴结</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">治疗意图</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[临床治愈]] (Curative)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">预后评估</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">中等偏上</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">关键分子指标</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[Ki-67]] / [[MRD]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">推荐术式</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #0f172a;">[[R0切除术]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">局部进展机制：从局限到浸润</h2>
    
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        [[II期]]癌症在生物学行为上展现了显著的侵袭力提升，其核心机制涉及：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>空间占位与压迫：</strong>肿瘤体积通常处于[[2cm]]至[[5cm]]之间（视瘤种而定），开始挤压邻近实质器官或血管，引发[[局部症状]]（如[[钝痛]]、[[梗阻]]）。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>屏障突破：</strong>癌细胞通过分泌[[基质金属蛋白酶]]（[[MMPs]]）降解局部[[基底膜]]，虽然尚未广泛进入体循环，但已具备向周围组织横向扩张的潜力。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>微量引流：</strong>在部分[[IIB期]]病例中，癌细胞可能通过淋巴管引流至最近的一组[[区域淋巴结]]（[[N1]]），标志着疾病从“点”向“面”扩散的初步尝试。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>血管生成启动：</strong>为了维持较大体积的代谢需求，肿瘤内部激活[[VEGF]]通路，诱导[[新生血管]]形成。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">常见肿瘤II期定义对照表</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">癌种类型</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">核心定义 (T/N)</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">临床预后特征</th>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[II期乳腺癌]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">T2N0M0 或 T1N1M0</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">通常可通过保乳或全切联合[[前哨淋巴结活检]]治愈。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[II期肺癌]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">T1-2, N1M0 或 T3N0M0</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">术后需序贯辅助[[铂类化疗]]，有条件者可联合靶向/免疫。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[II期结直肠癌]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">T3-T4, N0M0</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">高危因素（如[[脉管浸润]]）决定是否需术后化疗。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">诊疗策略：根治切除与个体化辅助</h2>
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        [[II期]]的管理强调在保证[[根治性]]的同时，通过分子检测进行[[升阶梯]]或[[降阶梯]]治疗：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[R0切除]]目标：</strong>外科手术是[[II期]]治疗的基石。必须达到显微镜下切缘阴性（[[R0]]），并进行规范化的[[淋巴结清扫]]以确保分期准确性。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[辅助化疗]]决策：</strong>并非所有[[II期]]患者均需化疗。临床中通过检测[[MSI]]状态（针对肠癌）或[[多基因评分]]（针对乳腺癌）来识别真正的高危获益人群。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[靶向与免疫]]辅助：</strong>对于携带特定驱动基因（如[[EGFR]]）的II期肺癌，术后应用[[奥希替尼]]等靶向药已成为改善[[DFS]]的新标准。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[MRD监测]]：</strong>利用[[液体活检]]动态检测血浆中残留的肿瘤[[DNA]]（[[ctDNA]]），能比影像学提早数月预警复发。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[TNM分期]]：</strong>癌症分期的全球通用语言，T（肿瘤）、N（淋巴结）、M（转移）。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[辅助治疗]] (Adjuvant Therapy)：</strong>术后实施的治疗，旨在清除不可见的微小转移。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[DFS]] (无病生存期)：</strong>评价[[II期]]患者疗效的首要指标。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[前哨淋巴结]]：</strong>原发灶引流的第一站淋巴结，是[[II期]]判定淋巴结受累的关键点。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
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            [1] <strong>Amin MB, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>The Eighth Edition AJCC Cancer Staging Manual: Continuing to build a bridge from a population-based to a more "personalized" approach to oncology staging.</em> <strong>[[CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：该指南奠定了II期癌症从单纯形态分期向结合分子预后指标转型的理论支柱。</span>
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            [2] <strong>Goldstraw P, et al. (2016/2025 update).</strong> <em>The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: Proposals for Revision of the TNM Stage Groupings.</em> <strong>[[Journal of Thoracic Oncology]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[核心价值]：对II期肺癌TNM定义的微调直接影响了辅助化疗在全球范围内的应用边界。</span>
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            [[II期]] 癌症分期生态 · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联分期</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[I期]]•[[III期]]•[[Tis]](原位)•[[T2]]•[[N0]]•[[M0]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">治疗手段</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[根治性切除]]•[[术后辅助化疗]]•[[辅助放疗]]•[[微创手术]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">战略实体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[AJCC]]•[[UICC]]•[[NCCN]]•[[CSCO]]•[[IASLC]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">前沿方向</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[基于ctDNA的精准辅助治疗]]•[[新辅助免疫+化疗的应用]]•[[器官保存策略(针对特定癌种)]]</td>
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