查看“HER2低表达”的源代码

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            <strong>[[HER2低表达乳腺癌]]</strong>（<strong>[[HER2-low Breast Cancer]]</strong>）是指免疫组化（[[IHC]]）积分为1+，或IHC积分为2+且原位杂交（[[FISH]]）检测为阴性的一类特定乳腺癌亚型。长期以来，这类患者被归类为“[[HER2阴性]]”，但随着新型<strong>[[抗体偶联药物]]</strong>（[[ADC]]）的问世，研究发现这类具有少量[[HER2]]蛋白表达的肿瘤能够从特定的靶向治疗中显著获益。[[HER2低表达]]在乳腺癌中占比高达<strong>45%-55%</strong>，涵盖了部分[[激素受体阳性]]（[[HR+]]）及[[三阴性乳腺癌]]（[[TNBC]]）。这一定义的确立打破了传统的二分法（阳性/阴性）分类体系，开启了乳腺癌精准治疗的“三分天下”新时代。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">[[HER2低表达]]</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px;">HER2-low Breast Cancer · 点击展开</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">分类标准：IHC 1+ / IHC 2+且FISH-</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 45%;">流行病学占比</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">45%-55%</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">判定靶基因</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[ERBB2]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">激素受体状态</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">HR+为主，约1/3为HR-</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">标志性研究</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[DESTINY-Breast04]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">核心药物</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[德曲妥珠单抗]] (T-DXd)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">鉴别亚型</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #0f172a;">[[HER2-zero]] / [[HER2-ultralow]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">治疗机制：旁路杀伤效应的突破</h2>
    
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        在传统观念中，靶向药物（如[[曲妥珠单抗]]）需要[[HER2]]受体达到极高浓度（[[IHC 3+]]）才能通过阻断信号通路发挥作用。而[[HER2低表达]]患者受益的核心机制源于新一代<strong>[[ADC]]</strong>的独特设计：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>高载荷递送：</strong>以[[T-DXd]]为代表的药物具有极高的[[药物抗体比]]（[[DAR]]约为8），即使细胞表面[[HER2]]受体较少，也能精准将毒素送入胞内。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>旁路杀伤效应（Bystander Effect）：</strong>这是[[HER2低表达]]有效的核心。由于载荷具有膜通透性，在杀伤被标记的[[HER2]]低表达细胞后，毒素能穿透细胞膜扩散到邻近的[[HER2]]不表达癌细胞中，实现“一人中招，四邻遭殃”。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>解决异质性难题：</strong>肿瘤内部表达往往不均一，旁路杀伤有效克服了肿瘤的[[空间异质性]]，提升了整体临床缓解率。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">临床应用矩阵：HER2分类演变</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">分类</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">判定标准</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">临床治疗策略</th>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[HER2阳性]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">IHC 3+ 或 FISH+</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[双靶联合化疗]] (H+P+T) 或 [[T-DM1]] / [[T-DXd]]</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600; background-color: #f0f9ff;">[[HER2低表达]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; background-color: #f0f9ff;">IHC 1+ 或 2+/FISH-</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; background-color: #f0f9ff;">[[T-DXd]] 为二线及以后标准方案</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[HER2极低表达]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">IHC 0且含染色灶</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[HER2-ultralow]]，前沿探索中显示对ADC仍有应答</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[HER2零表达]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">IHC 0</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">传统化疗、[[内分泌治疗]]或[[免疫治疗]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">诊疗策略：分层路径与全病程管理</h2>
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        针对[[HER2低表达乳腺癌]]，临床管理强调病理诊断的精准性与后线靶向介入的时机：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>病理复核红利：</strong>对于既往判读为[[HER2 0]]的患者，建议在进展后进行[[病理复核]]或重新活检。研究表明HER2状态具有动态演变性，约30%-40%的患者可能在后续活检中转为[[HER2-low]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>HR+亚型策略：</strong>对于激素受体阳性伴低表达者，通常在内分泌治疗耐药后，优先选择[[ADC]]而非传统化疗。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>安全性预警：</strong>使用[[T-DXd]]期间需严密监测[[间质性肺疾病]]（[[ILD]]）及[[肺炎]]。临床应告知患者关注咳嗽、呼吸困难等症状，并定期行高分辨率CT检查。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>检测敏感度优化：</strong>临床推荐使用更高灵敏度的[[HER2]]检测试剂盒，以准确区分 [[IHC 0]] 与 [[IHC 1+]]。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[ERBB2]]：</strong>编码[[HER2]]蛋白的基因，在低表达型中主要表现为蛋白翻译水平的微量表达。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[DESTINY-Breast04]]：</strong>被誉为乳腺癌治疗史上的“里程碑”，首次证明ADC在HER2低表达人群中优于化疗。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[异质性]]：</strong>低表达人群中受体分布的非均一性，是ADC发挥作用的物理背景。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[三分法分类]]：</strong>将乳腺癌分为HER2阳性、HER2低表达和HER2零表达的新共识。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
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            [1] <strong>Modi S, et al. (2022).</strong> <em>Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Previously Treated HER2-Low Advanced Breast Cancer.</em> <strong>[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]</strong>. 387(1):9-20.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：该研究结果直接促使了FDA对T-DXd在HER2低表达领域的全球获批。</span>
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            [2] <strong>Tarantino P, et al. (2020).</strong> <em>HER2-Low Breast Cancer: Pathological and Clinical Landscape.</em> <strong>[[Journal of Clinical Oncology]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[核心价值]：系统性定义了HER2低表达的病理特征及流行病学分布。</span>
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            [[HER2低表达]] 诊疗生态 · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联因子</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[ERBB2]]•[[HR]]•[[TOP1抑制剂载荷]]•[[DAR]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关键药物</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[德曲妥珠单抗]]•[[GQ1001]]•[[RC48]]•[[MRG002]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">战略实体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[第一三共]]•[[阿斯利康]]•[[FDA]]•[[NCCN]]•[[病理科专家共识]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">研究前沿</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[针对HER2-ultralow的疗效界定]]•[[早期辅助阶段的ADC应用]]•[[耐药后的ADC-switch策略]]</td>
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