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预防医学/实习一:气象条件测定方法
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{{Hierarchy header}} 生产和生活环境中的气象因素包括:气温、气湿、气流、气压及辐射热等。其常用的测定仪器简略介绍如下: == 一、气温测定== 用水银或[[酒精]][[温度计]]。注意应在没有辐射热情况下使用。挂于测理地点待温度稳定后再读数。 == 二、气湿测定== === (一)[[干湿]]球温度计=== 原理:利用并列两温度计,在一支的球部用湿润[[纱布]]包裹,由于湿纱布上水分[[蒸发]]散热,使湿球上温度比干球的温度低,其相差度数与空气中相对湿度成一定比例(实习图1-1) {{图片|gumalisp.jpg|干湿球温度计}} 实习图1-1 干湿球温度计 使用方法: 1.将湿球温度计纱布润湿后固定于测定地点约10分钟后,先读湿球温度,再读干球温度,记下二者的差数。 2.转动干湿球温度计上的圆滚筒,在其上端找出干湿球[[温度差]]数(.F)。 3.在实测湿球度数的水平位置作[[一水]]平线与中央圆筒旁竖行相交点的读数,即相对湿度百分数。 === (二)手摇温温度计=== 原理:由两并列温度计构成,原理同干湿球[[温湿度计]],但在使用时要转动造成固定风速(一般为4m/s),加强了[[传导]]对流散热,以抵消辐射热的影响。 使用方法: 先将湿球上纱布浸湿,测定时摇动仪器,每分钟约120~150转(视手摇温度计长度而定),测定3~5分钟,停止后立即读数(先读湿球温度,后读干球温度),结果查实习表1-1、1-2、1-3。 实习表1-1空气相对湿度按通风温湿度计度数计算表(风速4m/s) 湿球温度(℃)相对湿度(%) {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="3" | 干球温度℃ |- | | 2 | | 2.5 | | 3 | | 3.5 | | 4 | | 4.5 | | 5 | | 5.5 | | 6 | | 6.5 | | 7 | | 7.5 | | 8 | | 8.5 | | 9 | | 9.5 | | 10 | | 10.5 | | 11 | | 11.5 | | 12 | | 12.5 | | 13 | | 13.5 | | 14 | | 14.5 | | 15 | | 15.5 | | 16 | | 16.5 | | 17 |- |- | | 8 | | 29 | | 34 | | 40 | | 45 | | 51 | | 57 | | 63 | | 69 | | 75 | | 81 | | 81 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 8.5 | | 25 | | 30 | | 35 | | 41 | | 46 | | 52 | | 58 | | 63 | | 69 | | 75 | | 81 | | 87 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 9 | | 21 | | 26 | | 31 | | 36 | | 42 | | 47 | | 53 | | 58 | | 64 | | 70 | | 76 | | 82 | | 88 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 9.5 | | 17 | | 22 | | 27 | | 32 | | 38 | | 43 | | 48 | | 54 | | 59 | | 65 | | 70 | | 76 | | 82 | | 88 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 10 | | 14 | | 19 | | 24 | | 29 | | 34 | | 39 | | 44 | | 49 | | 54 | | 60 | | 65 | | 71 | | 76 | | 82 | | 88 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 10.5 | | | | 16 | | 20 | | 25 | | 30 | | 35 | | 40 | | 45 | | 50 | | 55 | | 60 | | 66 | | 71 | | 77 | | 83 | | 88 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 11 | | | | | | 17 | | 22 | | 26 | | 31 | | 36 | | 41 | | 46 | | 51 | | 56 | | 61 | | 66 | | 72 | | 77 | | 83 | | 88 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 11.5 | | | | | | 14 | | 19 | | 23 | | 28 | | 32 | | 37 | | 42 | | 48 | | 52 | | 57 | | 62 | | 67 | | 72 | | 78 | | 83 | | 89 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 12 | | | | | | | | 16 | | 22 | | 24 | | 29 | | 33 | | 38 | | 43 | | 48 | | 53 | | 57 | | 62 | | 68 | | 73 | | 78 | | 83 | | 89 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 12.5 | | | | | | | | | | 17 | | 21 | | 26 | | 30 | | 35 | | 39 | | 44 | | 49 | | 53 | | 58 | | 63 | | 68 | | 73 | | 78 | | 84 | | 89 | | 94 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 13 | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 18 | | 23 | | 27 | | 31 | | 36 | | 40 | | 45 | | 49 | | 54 | | 59 | | 64 | | 69 | | 74 | | 79 | | 84 | | 89 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 13.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | 20 | | 24 | | 28 | | 32 | | 37 | | 41 | | 46 | | 50 | | 55 | | 60 | | 65 | | 69 | | 74 | | 79 | | 84 | | 89 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 14 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 17 | | 21 | | 25 | | 29 | | 33 | | 38 | | 42 | | 46 | | 51 | | 56 | | 60 | | 65 | | 70 | | 74 | | 79 | | 84 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 14.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 18 | | 22 | | 27 | | 30 | | 35 | | 39 | | 43 | | 47 | | 52 | | 56 | | 61 | | 65 | | 70 | | 75 | | 80 | | 85 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 15 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | 20 | | 23 | | 27 | | 32 | | 36 | | 40 | | 44 | | 48 | | 52 | | 57 | | 61 | | 66 | | 71 | | 75 | | 80 | | 85 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | |- | | 15.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | 17 | | 21 | | 25 | | 29 | | 32 | | 37 | | 41 | | 45 | | 49 | | 53 | | 58 | | 62 | | 66 | | 71 | | 76 | | 80 | | 85 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | |- | | 16 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | | 18 | | 22 | | 26 | | 30 | | 34 | | 37 | | 42 | | 46 | | 50 | | 54 | | 58 | | 63 | | 67 | | 71 | | 76 | | 81 | | 85 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | |- | | 16.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | 16 | | 20 | | 23 | | 27 | | 31 | | 34 | | 38 | | 42 | | 46 | | 50 | | 53 | | 59 | | 63 | | 67 | | 72 | | 76 | | 81 | | 86 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 | | |- | | 17 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 17 | | 21 | | 24 | | 28 | | 32 | | 36 | | 39 | | 43 | | 47 | | 51 | | 55 | | 59 | | 64 | | 68 | | 72 | | 77 | | 81 | | 86 | | 90 | | 95 | | 100 |} 左表1-2 空气相对湿度按通风温湿度计度数计算表(风速4m/s) {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="3" | 干球温度℃ | colspan="22" | 湿球温度(℃) |- | | 7 | | 7.5 | | 8 | | 8.5 | | 9 | | 9.5 | | 10 | | 10.5 | | 11 | | 11.5 | | 12 | | 12.5 | | 13 | | 13.5 | | 14 | | 14.5 | | 15 | | 15.5 | | 16 | | 16.5 | | 17 | | 17.5 |- | colspan="22" | 相对湿度(%) |- | | 17.5 | | 15 | | 19 | | 22 | | 25 | | 29 | | 33 | | 36 | | 40 | | 44 | | 48 | | 52 | | 56 | | 60 | | 64 | | 68 | | 73 | | 77 | | 81 | | 86 | | 91 | | 95 | | 100 |- | | 18 | | 13 | | 16 | | 20 | | 23 | | 27 | | 30 | | 34 | | 37 | | 41 | | 45 | | 49 | | 53 | | 56 | | 61 | | 65 | | 69 | | 73 | | 77 | | 82 | | 86 | | 91 | | 95 |- | | 18.5 | | | | 14 | | 17 | | 21 | | 24 | | 28 | | 31 | | 35 | | 38 | | 42 | | 46 | | 49 | | 53 | | 57 | | 61 | | 66 | | 69 | | 73 | | 78 | | 82 | | 86 | | 91 |- | | 19 | | | | | | 15 | | 19 | | 22 | | 25 | | 29 | | 32 | | 36 | | 39 | | 43 | | 46 | | 50 | | 54 | | 58 | | 62 | | 66 | | 70 | | 74 | | 78 | | 82 | | 86 |- | | 19.5 | | | | | | 13 | | 17 | | 20 | | 23 | | 26 | | 30 | | 33 | | 36 | | 40 | | 43 | | 47 | | 51 | | 54 | | 58 | | 62 | | 66 | | 70 | | 74 | | 78 | | 82 |- | | 20 | | | | | | | | 13 | | 18 | | 21 | | 24 | | 27 | | 30 | | 34 | | 37 | | 41 | | 44 | | 48 | | 52 | | 55 | | 59 | | 63 | | 66 | | 70 | | 74 | | 78 |- | | 20.5 | | | | | | | | | | 16 | | 19 | | 22 | | 25 | | 28 | | 31 | | 35 | | 38 | | 41 | | 45 | | 48 | | 52 | | 56 | | 59 | | 62 | | 67 | | 72 | | 75 |- | | 21 | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 17 | | 20 | | 25 | | 26 | | 29 | | 32 | | 36 | | 39 | | 42 | | 46 | | 49 | | 53 | | 56 | | 60 | | 64 | | 67 | | 71 |- | | 21.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | 15 | | 18 | | 21 | | 24 | | 27 | | 30 | | 33 | | 36 | | 40 | | 43 | | 46 | | 50 | | 53 | | 57 | | 60 | | 64 | | 68 |- | | 22 | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | 16 | | 19 | | 22 | | 25 | | 28 | | 31 | | 34 | | 37 | | 40 | | 44 | | 47 | | 50 | | 54 | | 57 | | 61 | | 64 |- | | 22.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 17 | | 20 | | 23 | | 26 | | 29 | | 32 | | 35 | | 38 | | 41 | | 44 | | 48 | | 51 | | 54 | | 58 | | 61 |- | | 23 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | 16 | | 18 | | 21 | | 24 | | 27 | | 30 | | 33 | | 36 | | 39 | | 42 | | 45 | | 48 | | 51 | | 55 | | 58 |- | | 23.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 17 | | 19 | | 22 | | 25 | | 28 | | 30 | | 33 | | 36 | | 39 | | 42 | | 46 | | 49 | | 53 | | 55 |- | | 24 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | 15 | | 18 | | 20 | | 23 | | 26 | | 28 | | 31 | | 34 | | 37 | | 40 | | 43 | | 46 | | 49 | | 53 |- | | 24.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | 16 | | 19 | | 21 | | 24 | | 27 | | 29 | | 32 | | 35 | | 38 | | 41 | | 44 | | 47 | | 50 |- | | 25 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 17 | | 19 | | 22 | | 25 | | 27 | | 30 | | 33 | | 36 | | 38 | | 41 | | 44 | | 47 |- | | 25.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | 15 | | 18 | | 20 | | 23 | | 26 | | 28 | | 31 | | 34 | | 36 | | 39 | | 42 | | 45 |- | | 26 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 16 | | 19 | | 21 | | 24 | | 26 | | 29 | | 32 | | 34 | | 37 | | 40 | | 43 |- | | 26.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 13 | | 15 | | 17 | | 20 | | 22 | | 25 | | 27 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 37 | | 40 |- | | 27 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 21 | | 23 | | 25 | | 28 | | 30 | | 33 | | 36 | | 36 |- | | 27.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | 14 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 24 | | 26 | | 29 | | 31 | | 34 | | 33 |} 右表1-2 空气相对湿度按通风温湿度计度数计算表(风速4m/s) {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="3" | 干球温度℃ | colspan="20" | 湿球温度(℃) |- | | 18 | | 18.5 | | 19 | | 19.5 | | 20 | | 20.5 | | 21 | | 21.5 | | 22 | | 22.5 | | 23 | | 23.5 | | 24 | | 24.5 | | 25 | | 25.5 | | 26 | | 26.5 | | 27 | | 27.5 |- | colspan="20" | 相对湿度(%) |- | | 17.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 18 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 18.5 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 19 | | 91 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 19.5 | | 86 | | 91 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 20 | | 83 | | 87 | | 91 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 20.5 | | 79 | | 83 | | 87 | | 94 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 21 | | 75 | | 79 | | 83 | | 87 | | 91 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 21.5 | | 71 | | 75 | | 79 | | 83 | | 87 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 22 | | 68 | | 72 | | 76 | | 80 | | 84 | | 88 | | 92 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 22.5 | | 65 | | 68 | | 72 | | 76 | | 80 | | 84 | | 88 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 23 | | 62 | | 65 | | 69 | | 72 | | 76 | | 80 | | 84 | | 88 | | 91 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 23.5 | | 59 | | 62 | | 66 | | 68 | | 72 | | 78 | | 80 | | 84 | | 88 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 24 | | 56 | | 59 | | 63 | | 66 | | 70 | | 73 | | 77 | | 80 | | 84 | | 88 | | 92 | | 95 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 24.5 | | 53 | | 56 | | 60 | | 63 | | 66 | | 69 | | 73 | | 77 | | 81 | | 84 | | 88 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 25 | | 50 | | 54 | | 57 | | 60 | | 63 | | 67 | | 70 | | 74 | | 77 | | 81 | | 84 | | 88 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | | | |- | | 25.5 | | 48 | | 51 | | 54 | | 57 | | 60 | | 63 | | 67 | | 72 | | 74 | | 77 | | 81 | | 85 | | 88 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | | | |- | | 26 | | 46 | | 48 | | 52 | | 55 | | 58 | | 61 | | 64 | | 67 | | 71 | | 74 | | 77 | | 81 | | 85 | | 88 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | | | |- | | 26.5 | | 43 | | 46 | | 49 | | 52 | | 55 | | 58 | | 63 | | 64 | | 68 | | 71 | | 74 | | 78 | | 81 | | 85 | | 89 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | |- | | 27 | | 41 | | 44 | | 47 | | 50 | | 52 | | 55 | | 58 | | 62 | | 65 | | 68 | | 71 | | 75 | | 78 | | 81 | | 83 | | 89 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | |- | | 27.5 | | 39 | | 42 | | 44 | | 47 | | 50 | | 53 | | 56 | | 59 | | 62 | | 65 | | 68 | | 72 | | 75 | | 78 | | 82 | | 85 | | 89 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 |} 左表1-3 空气相对湿度按通风温湿度计度数计算表(风速4m/s) {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="3" | 干球温度℃ | colspan="16" | 湿球温度(℃) |- | | 13 | | 13.5 | | 14 | | 14.5 | | 15 | | 15.5 | | 16 | | 16.5 | | 17 | | 17.5 | | 18 | | 18.5 | | 19 | | 19.5 | | 20 | | 20.5 |- | colspan="16" | 相对湿度(%) |- | | 28 | | 13 | | 15 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 32 | | 34 | | 37 | | 40 | | 42 | | 45 | | 48 | | 50 |- | | 28.5 | | 12 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 21 | | 23 | | 25 | | 28 | | 30 | | 33 | | 35 | | 38 | | 40 | | 43 | | 45 | | 48 |- | | 29 | | 11 | | 12 | | 15 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 31 | | 32 | | 36 | | 38 | | 41 | | 43 | | 46 |- | | 29.5 | | 10 | | 12 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 27 | | 29 | | 31 | | 34 | | 36 | | 39 | | 41 | | 44 |- | | 30 | | | | 11 | | 13 | | 15 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 23 | | 26 | | 27 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 37 | | 39 | | 42 |- | | 30.5 | | | | 9 | | 11 | | 13 | | 16 | | 17 | | 19 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 30 | | 33 | | 35 | | 38 | | 40 |- | | 31 | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 27 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 | | 36 | | 38 |- | | 31.5 | | | | | | | | 11 | | 13 | | 15 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 23 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 32 | | 34 | | 36 |- | | 32 | | | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 |- | | 32.5 | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 13 | | 15 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 |- | | 33 | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 14 | | 15 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 23 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 31 |- | | 33.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 13 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 30 |- | | 34 | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 13 | | 15 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 23 |- | | 34.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 12 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 19 | | 21 | | 23 | | 25 | | 7 |- | | 35 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 11 | | 13 | | 15 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 |- | | 35.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 12 | | 14 | | 15 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 | | 22 | | 24 |- | | 36 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 11 | | 13 | | 14 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 | | 21 | | 23 |- | | 36.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 14 | | 15 | | 17 | | 18 | | 20 | | 22 |- | | 37 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 13 | | 14 | | 16 | | 17 | | 19 | | 21 |- | | 37.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 13 | | 15 | | 16 | | 18 | | 20 |- | | 38 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 13 | | 14 | | 16 | | 17 | | 19 |- | | 38.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10 | | 12 | | 13 | | 15 | | 16 | | 18 |- | | 39 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 12 | | 14 | | 15 | | 17 |- | | 39.5 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 12 | | 13 | | 14 | | 16 |- | | 40 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 11 | | 12 | | 14 | | 15 |} 右表1-3 空气相对湿度按通风温湿度计度数计算表(风速4m/s) {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="3" | 干球温度℃ | colspan="17" | 湿球温度(℃) |- | | 21 | | 21.5 | | 22 | | 22.5 | | 23 | | 23.5 | | 24 | | 24.5 | | 25 | | 25.5 | | 26 | | 26.5 | | 27 | | 27.5 | | 28 | | 28.5 | | 29 |- | colspan="17" | 相对湿度(%) |- | | 28 | | 53 | | 56 | | 59 | | 62 | | 65 | | 68 | | 72 | | 75 | | 78 | | 82 | | 85 | | 89 | | 92 | | 96 | | 100 | | | | |- | | 28.5 | | 51 | | 54 | | 57 | | 60 | | 63 | | 66 | | 69 | | 72 | | 75 | | 78 | | 82 | | 86 | | 89 | | 93 | | 96 | | 100 | | |- | | 29 | | 49 | | 51 | | 54 | | 57 | | 60 | | 63 | | 66 | | 69 | | 72 | | 76 | | 79 | | 82 | | 86 | | 89 | | 93 | | 96 | | 100 |- | | 29.5 | | 46 | | 49 | | 52 | | 55 | | 57 | | 60 | | 63 | | 66 | | 70 | | 73 | | 76 | | 79 | | 82 | | 86 | | 89 | | 93 | | 96 |- | | 30 | | 44 | | 47 | | 50 | | 52 | | 55 | | 58 | | 61 | | 64 | | 67 | | 70 | | 73 | | 76 | | 79 | | 83 | | 86 | | 89 | | 93 |- | | 30.5 | | 42 | | 45 | | 47 | | 50 | | 53 | | 55 | | 58 | | 61 | | 64 | | 67 | | 70 | | 73 | | 75 | | 79 | | 83 | | 86 | | 89 |- | | 31 | | 40 | | 43 | | 45 | | 48 | | 50 | | 53 | | 56 | | 59 | | 62 | | 64 | | 67 | | 70 | | 73 | | 77 | | 80 | | 82 | | 86 |- | | 31.5 | | 39 | | 41 | | 43 | | 46 | | 48 | | 51 | | 54 | | 56 | | 59 | | 62 | | 65 | | 68 | | 71 | | 74 | | 77 | | 80 | | 83 |- | | 32 | | 37 | | 39 | | 41 | | 44 | | 46 | | 49 | | 51 | | 54 | | 57 | | 60 | | 62 | | 65 | | 68 | | 71 | | 74 | | 77 | | 80 |- | | 32.5 | | 35 | | 37 | | 40 | | 42 | | 44 | | 47 | | 49 | | 52 | | 55 | | 57 | | 60 | | 63 | | 65 | | 69 | | 71 | | 74 | | 77 |- | | 33 | | 33 | | 36 | | 38 | | 40 | | 42 | | 45 | | 47 | | 50 | | 52 | | 55 | | 58 | | 60 | | 63 | | 66 | | 69 | | 71 | | 74 |- | | 33.5 | | 32 | | 34 | | 36 | | 38 | | 41 | | 43 | | 45 | | 48 | | 50 | | 53 | | 55 | | 58 | | 61 | | 63 | | 66 | | 69 | | 71 |- | | 34 | | 30 | | 32 | | 35 | | 37 | | 39 | | 41 | | 43 | | 46 | | 48 | | 51 | | 53 | | 56 | | 58 | | 61 | | 64 | | 66 | | 69 |- | | 34.5 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 | | 35 | | 37 | | 39 | | 42 | | 44 | | 46 | | 49 | | 51 | | 54 | | 56 | | 59 | | 61 | | 64 | | 66 |- | | 35 | | 27 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 | | 36 | | 38 | | 40 | | 42 | | 44 | | 47 | | 49 | | 51 | | 54 | | 56 | | 59 | | 61 | | 64 |- | | 35.5 | | 26 | | 28 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 36 | | 38 | | 40 | | 43 | | 45 | | 47 | | 50 | | 52 | | 54 | | 57 | | 59 | | 61 |- | | 36 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 37 | | 39 | | 41 | | 43 | | 45 | | 48 | | 50 | | 52 | | 55 | | 57 | | 59 |- | | 36.5 | | 24 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 | | 35 | | 37 | | 39 | | 41 | | 44 | | 46 | | 48 | | 50 | | 53 | | 55 | | 57 |- | | 37 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 35 | | 38 | | 40 | | 42 | | 44 | | 46 | | 48 | | 51 | | 53 | | 55 |- | | 37.5 | | 21 | | 23 | | 25 | | 27 | | 28 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 36 | | 38 | | 40 | | 42 | | 44 | | 46 | | 48 | | 50 | | 52 |- | | 38 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 | | 35 | | 37 | | 39 | | 40 | | 43 | | 45 | | 47 | | 49 | | 51 |- | | 38.5 | | 19 | | 21 | | 22 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 29 | | 31 | | 32 | | 35 | | 37 | | 39 | | 41 | | 43 | | 45 | | 47 | | 49 |- | | 39 | | 18 | | 20 | | 21 | | 24 | | 25 | | 26 | | 28 | | 30 | | 31 | | 33 | | 35 | | 37 | | 39 | | 41 | | 43 | | 45 | | 47 |- | | 39.5 | | 17 | | 19 | | 20 | | 22 | | 24 | | 25 | | 27 | | 29 | | 30 | | 32 | | 34 | | 35 | | 38 | | 40 | | 42 | | 44 | | 46 |- | | 40 | | 17 | | 18 | | 19 | | 21 | | 23 | | 24 | | 26 | | 28 | | 29 | | 31 | | 33 | | 34 | | 36 | | 38 | | 40 | | 42 | | 44 |} === (三)通风温湿度计(aspiration hygrometer)=== 原理:同手摇温湿度计,将两并列温度计分别将须镀镍的双层金属风筒中(实习图1-2),仪器上端有一带发条的小风扇,开动发条时风扇转动,从温度计球部旁边吸入空气,因此造成温度计球部的固定风速(一般为4m/s),同时,因金属筒的[[反射]],使辐射热影响被抵消,故可测得较准确的结果。 {{图片|gumalq3w.jpg|通风温湿度计}} 实习图1-2 通风温湿度计 使用方法: 1.先将湿球纱布湿润。 2.用钥匙旋转风扇发条,风扇开始转动。将仪器悬挂在测定地点。 3.经3~5分钟,读取湿球及干球温度的读数,结果可查实习表1-1、1-2和1-3。 == 三、气流测定== === (一)杯状风速计(cup anemometer)=== 原理:利用风力使风杯转动,从指针转动的周数及所用时间算出空气流动的速度。 使用方法: 1.使用前先记下风速计的原始读数。 2.将风速计放置测定地点,纵轴与空气流动方向垂直,等风杯转动后开动启动开关,并同时用秒表记录时间。 3.经100秒,将风速及秒表同时关闭。记录指针读数和时间,算出风速。 {{图片|gumalgdq.jpg|}} === (二)翼状风速计(deflecting vane anemometer)=== 原理:同杯状风速计,只是以翼代替风杯而已。 使用方法: 1.按下风速计上方的“回零”键,使指针回复到零。 2.将风速计置于测定地点,翼轴对准气流方向。 3.揿下风速计下方的“计时启动键”,30秒钟后,指针开始走动,60秒钟后,当风速指针停止走动时,即可直接读数(m/min),再换算成m/s。 注意事项 1.勿用手拨杯(翼),或强迫停止转动。 2.避免在[[腐蚀性]]气体或粉尘多的地方使用,并注意保持清洁。 3.测定气流时,注意勿使身体或其他物体阻挡气流。 === (三)热球式电风速计=== 原理:本仪器的探头部装有热电偶的热端,另一端暴露于空气中,在不同风速下热电偶的热端散热量不同,因而其温度下降的程度不同,风速小时,下降的程度小,反之程度大。下降程度的大小通过热电偶在电表上指示出来。经校正后,即可自电表读数,表示风速,该仪器测定范围0.05~10m/s。 使用方法: 1.校正开关置于“断”的位置。 2.将插杆插头插在插座上,使杆呈垂直位,螺塞压紧使探头密封。“校正开关”置于“满度”位置,慢慢调整“满度调节”旋钮,使电表指在零点位置。 3.将“校正开关”置于“零位”的位置,慢慢调整“粗调”、“细调”两个旋钮,使电表指在零点置。然后,轻轻拉动螺塞使测杆探头露出,将测头上的红点面对风向。此时,可从电表上读数,再查阅校正曲线,得出被测风速。 == 四、辐射热强度测定== 常用单向热电偶辐射计(thermalpile radiation detector)来用作[[辐射强度]]的测定。 原理:在镍铜热电偶组成的热电堆上粘上一层铝箔,在铝箔上与热电偶热端相应处涂上烟黑,使形成黑白相间的[[小方]]块,利用烟黑和铝箔对辐射热吸收率不同的原理,使热电偶上产生了热电动势,其大小与辐射强度成正比,通过经换算过的电表读数,可直接表示辐射热的强度。即单位时间内、单位面积上所受到的辐射能量(cal/cm2/min)。 使用方法: 1.调整仪器机械零点螺丝,使指针指零。 2.按下“调零”开关,旋动“零点旋钮”以调整,使指针指零。 3.根据辐射热强度,按下“2卡”或“10卡”键。 4.将敏感元件的插头插入插孔内,打开热电堆的盖板,对准辐射热方向,经3~5秒,待电表读数稳定后,进行读数记录。 注意事项: 1.当辐射热强度超过7.5cal/cm2/min时,测量不要超过3分钟,以免损坏仪器。 2.测毕即盖好盖板,保护铝箔,防止擦坏。 3.当调节“零点调整”旋钮,指针不能到达零时,应更换电池。 == 五、气压测定== === (一)[[水银]]气压计=== 原理:水银气压计是一个上端封闭,下端开口的[[真空]]玻璃管,其下端浸在盛有水银的杯中(实习图1-3),大气压力作用于水银杯中的水银面上,使水银升入真空玻璃管中,水银柱就能随大气压的高低而上升或下降,其水银柱的高低,可借玻璃管外面的一个金属套管上的标尺及游标尺读出mmHg的数值(实习图1-4),测量单位为mmHg。再换算为kPa 1mmHg=0.133kPa 使用方法: 1.转动水银槽底部的螺旋,使水银面与指未刻度零点的指标尖端刚刚接触,校正零点。 2.使用游标尺,读出气压读数。 === (二)空盒气压计=== 携带方便,但不如水银气压计准确,必须经常按水银气压计来进行校正。 {{图片|gumalnqr.jpg|杯状气压计}} 实习1-3 杯状气压计 {{图片|gumallch.jpg|气压计的游尺}} 实习图1-4 气压计的游尺 {{Hierarchy footer}} {{预防医学图书专题}}
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