查看“致瘤性”的源代码

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        <strong>致瘤性</strong>（Tumorigenicity）是指特定的细胞群（如[[干细胞]]、重组细胞或细胞系）在注入免疫缺陷动物体内后，形成[[肿瘤]]的能力。它是评价[[细胞治疗]]产品、[[生物制品]]基质细胞及转基因产品安全性的关键风险指标，尤其在诱导多能干细胞（[[iPSCs]]）及长期体外扩增细胞的临床转化中受到监管机构的严苛审查。
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        <div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none !important;">致瘤性 · 安全评估图谱</div>
        <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none !important;">Tumorigenicity Assessment (点击展开)</div>
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                [[文件:Tumorigenicity_Assay_Icon.png|110px|致瘤性检测示意]]
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            <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 15px; font-weight: 600;">体内成瘤试验 (Xenograft Assay) 核心模型</div>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; width: 40%; background-color: #fcfdfe;">检测金标准</th>
                <td style="padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #1e293b;">免疫缺陷小鼠 (NOG/NSG)</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; background-color: #fcfdfe;">关键风险源</th>
                <td style="padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #1e293b;">残余多能性细胞 / 基因突变</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 10px 18px; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; background-color: #fcfdfe;">观察周期</th>
                <td style="padding: 10px 18px; color: #1e293b; font-weight: bold;">通常 3-6 个月</td>
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    细胞产品的致瘤性风险通常来源于遗传不稳定性与细胞状态的异质性，主要涉及以下维度：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>残余未分化细胞：</strong> 在 ESCs/iPSCs 衍生产品中，极少数残留的[[多能性干细胞]]可能在体内形成[[畸胎瘤]]。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>基因组不稳定性：</strong> 体外长期扩增可能导致[[染色体非整倍体]]、CNVs 增加或癌基因（如 [[TP53]], [[MYC]]）的获得性突变。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>表观遗传改变：</strong> 培养环境压力诱导的 DNA 甲基化异常可能激活处于沉默状态的致癌信号通路。</li>
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<h3 style="color: #1e40af; border-bottom: 2px solid #dbeafe; display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 20px;">1. 体内成瘤试验 (In Vivo)</h3>
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    通过将待测细胞皮下、肌肉或器官原位注射至高度免疫缺陷的小鼠体内，定期观察结节形成情况。这是目前[[NMPA]]和[[FDA]]公认的最可靠评估手段。
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<h3 style="color: #1e40af; border-bottom: 2px solid #dbeafe; display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 20px;">2. 体外替代方法 (In Vitro)</h3>
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>软琼脂集落形成实验：</strong> 评估细胞的非贴壁依赖性生长能力。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[高通量测序]] (WGS/WES)：</strong> 深度筛查产品中频率极低的驱动基因突变。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>qRT-PCR 监测：</strong> 灵敏检测残余多能性标志物（如 LIN28A）。</li>
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            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">比较项</th>
            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">致瘤性 (Tumorigenicity)</th>
            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">致癌性 (Oncogenicity)</th>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; background: #fcfdfe; font-weight: bold;">定义主体</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">活细胞产品本身</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">化学物质或病毒因子</td>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; background: #fcfdfe; font-weight: bold;">作用机制</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">细胞直接增殖成瘤</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">诱发宿主内源细胞转化</td>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; background: #fcfdfe; font-weight: bold;">评估重点</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">残余杂质与遗传变异</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">基因毒性与致突变性</td>
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    为确保细胞治疗产品的临床安全性，开发者需采取多级预防措施：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>严格限代：</strong> 建立主细胞库（MCB）和工作细胞库（WCB），明确规定体外倍增水平（PDL）的上限。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>清除策略：</strong> 引入[[自杀基因]]（如 HSV-TK）或磁珠纯化技术，定向清除具有潜在致瘤风险的亚群。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>动态评估：</strong> 结合[[单细胞组学]]动态监测细胞群落的[[异质性]]演化。</li>
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        [1] WHO Technical Report Series. "Recommendations for the evaluation of animal cell cultures as substrates for the manufacture of biological medicinal products." 2010. 
        <span style="color: #64748b;">(点评：世界卫生组织制定的基质细胞安全性评价全球标准，是致瘤性检测的基石指南。)</span>
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        [2] Sato Y, et al. "Tumorigenicity assessment of cell therapy products: The current status and future direction." <em>Biologicals</em>. 2013. 
        <span style="color: #64748b;">(点评：系统总结了干细胞产品的成瘤风险点，探讨了从体内试验向灵敏体外检测转化的技术挑战。)</span>
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        [3] Kuroda T, et al. "Detection of proliferating teratoma-forming cells in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived products." <em>Cell Proliferation</em>. 2020. 
        <span style="color: #64748b;">(点评：针对 iPSCs 临床转化，提供了检测微量残余多能性细胞的高灵敏度方法学参考。)</span>
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    <div style="background-color: #1e3a8a; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding: 12px; text-decoration: none !important;">致瘤性 关联导航</div>
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        [[安全性评价]] • [[免疫缺陷动物]] • [[畸胎瘤形成]] • [[遗传不稳定性]] • [[细胞库建立]]
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