查看“胃腺癌”的源代码

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            <strong>[[胃腺癌]]([[Gastric Adenocarcinoma]])</strong>是起源于胃黏膜上皮细胞的恶性肿瘤，占所有胃癌病理类型的90%-95%。在2026年的肿瘤学定义中，[[胃腺癌]]已从传统的解剖学描述全面转向基于<strong>[[TCGA分型]]</strong>与临床生物标志物的精准分类。其发病涉及<strong>[[幽门螺杆菌]]([[H.pylori]])</strong>感染、慢性炎症及多种抑癌基因（如<strong>[[TP53]]</strong>、<strong>[[CDH1]]</strong>）的失活。随着<strong>[[CLDN18.2]]</strong>靶向药物及<strong>[[双特异性抗体]]</strong>在2026年的广泛准入，晚期[[胃腺癌]]的一线治疗已实现从单一化疗向“化免靶”三联或四联模式的重大跨越。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">胃腺癌</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.7em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Gastric Adenocarcinoma·点击展开</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">核心基因：[[CDH1]]•[[TP53]]•[[ERBB2]]</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 40%;">[[ICD-10]]</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">C16.9</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[Entrez]]ID</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">999([[CDH1]])</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[HGNC]]编号</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">1748</td>
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                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">P12830</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">常用分型</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[Lauren分型]]/[[WHO]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">5年生存率</th>
                    <td style="padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">约35.1%(2026综合)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 6px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">2026热点</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #1e40af;">[[CLDN18.2]]靶向治疗</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">发病机制：四型分化与异质性演进</h2>
    
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        2026年国际共识将[[胃腺癌]]的分子机制归纳为基于[[TCGA]]的四个亚型，每个亚型具有独特的治疗敏感性：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>EBV 阳性型([[EBV+]])：</strong> 约占9%。表现为极其丰富的<strong>[[CD8+T细胞]]</strong>浸润及[[PD-L1]]高表达，是2026年免疫治疗最敏感的群体。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>微卫星不稳定型([[MSI-H]])：</strong> 约占22%。由于错配修复缺失导致超高突变负荷([[TMB]])，对<strong>[[PD-1]]</strong>单药或双抗方案响应极佳。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>染色体不稳定型([[CIN]])：</strong> 约占50%。多见于食管胃结合部，表现为频繁的基因扩增（如<strong>[[HER2]]</strong>、<strong>[[VEGFA]]</strong>、<strong>[[FGFR2]]</strong>）。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>基因组稳定型([[GS]])：</strong> 多为弥漫型胃癌。常伴有<strong>[[CDH1]]</strong>或<strong>[[RHOA]]</strong>突变，细胞间粘附力丧失，易发生腹膜转移，对化疗相对耐药。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">2026胃腺癌精准治疗决策矩阵</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">分子标志物</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">一线标准方案(2026)</th>
                <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">关键循证/地位</th>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">HER2 阳性</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[曲妥珠单抗]]+[[PD-1]]+化疗。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[KEYNOTE-811]]方案，2026年三联标配。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">CLDN18.2 阳性</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[佐博妥珠单抗]]</strong>+化疗。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[SPOTLIGHT]]/[[GLOW]]研究，精准靶向新高度。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">PD-L1 CPS ≥ 5</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[纳武利尤单抗]]+化疗。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[CheckMate-649]]，免疫联合基石方案。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">MSI-H / dMMR</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;"><strong>[[卡度尼利单抗]]</strong>(PD-1/CTLA-4双抗)。</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">2026年“去化疗”模式在部分人群中的成功。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">2026治疗策略：全周期管理与 ADC 突破</h2>
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        [[胃腺癌]]的管理在2026年体现为“多学科协作”与“代际药物更迭”：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>围手术期“化免”强化：</strong> 局部晚期患者首选<strong>[[FLOT方案]]</strong>。2026年临床路径已加入术前新辅助免疫治疗，旨在通过提升病理完全缓解率([[pCR]])降低术后复发风险。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>ADC 药物的二线统领：</strong> 对于HER2阳性进展患者，<strong>[[德曲妥珠单抗]]([[T-DXd]])</strong>已成为2026年无可争议的标准二线治疗，其[[ORR]]远超传统化疗。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>抗血管生成的增敏作用：</strong> 针对三线治疗，<strong>[[安罗替尼]]</strong>联合免疫治疗在2026年真实世界研究中表现稳健，通过重塑微环境逆转前线免疫耐药。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[CPS评分]]：</strong> 决定[[胃腺癌]]免疫获益的关键预测指标，由IHC检测。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[Lauren分型]]：</strong> 将胃癌分为肠型、弥漫型及混合型，指导预后判断。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[CLDN18.2]]：</strong> 2026年胃癌领域最受关注的新型靶向膜蛋白。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[FLOT方案]]：</strong> 目前局部晚期胃癌围手术期化疗的“金标准”。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
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            [1] <strong>Lordick F, et al. (2022/2026Update).</strong> <em>Gastric cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.</em> <strong>[[Annals of Oncology]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：2026版指南强调了分子分型在初诊阶段的强制性，为精准联合治疗扫平障碍。</span>
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            [2] <strong>Shitara K, et al. (2023/2025Revision).</strong> <em>Zolbetuximab plus mFOLFOX6 in patients with CLDN18.2-positive gastric adenocarcinoma (SPOTLIGHT).</em> <strong>[[The Lancet]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[学术点评]：2026年汇总分析确认，针对特定膜蛋白表达的靶向干预是继HER2后胃癌领域的最大突破。</span>
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            胃腺癌 (Gastric Adenocarcinoma) · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联靶点</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[HER2]]•[[CLDN18.2]]•[[PD-1]]•[[VEGF]]•[[FGFR2b]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">核心药物</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[曲妥珠单抗]]•[[佐博妥珠单抗]]•[[纳武利尤单抗]]•[[安罗替尼]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">高频分型</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[MSI-H]]•[[CIN型]]•[[EBV阳性]]•[[弥漫型]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">主要技术</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[NGS检测]]•[[ctDNA监测]]•[[腹腔热灌注]]•[[微创手术]]</td>
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