查看“细胞因子风暴 (CRS)”的源代码

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        <strong>细胞因子释放综合征</strong>（Cytokine Release Syndrome, CRS）是一种由免疫应答剧烈激活引发的全身性炎症反应。其核心特征是血液中促炎细胞因子（如 [[IL-6]]、[[IFN-γ]]、[[TNF-α]]）水平爆发式升高。在[[细胞治疗]]中，CRS 往往由效应 T 细胞与宿主[[巨噬细胞]]之间的交互作用引起，临床表现涵盖了从轻微发热到致命性的多器官衰竭及[[低血压]]。目前，国际广泛采用 **ASTCT 分级指南** 进行临床风险管理。
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        <div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px; text-decoration: none !important;">CRS · 临床毒性管理</div>
        <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap; text-decoration: none !important;">Cytokine Release Syndrome (点击展开)</div>
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                [[文件:CRS_Mechanism_Icon.png|110px|细胞因子风暴病理机制]]
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            <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 15px; font-weight: 600;">T 细胞-巨噬细胞级联激活模型</div>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; width: 40%; background-color: #fcfdfe;">核心驱动因子</th>
                <td style="padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #1e293b;">[[IL-6]], IL-1, IFN-γ</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; background-color: #fcfdfe;">一线药物</th>
                <td style="padding: 10px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #1e293b;">[[托珠单抗]], [[地塞米松]]</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 10px 18px; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; background-color: #fcfdfe;">分级标准</th>
                <td style="padding: 10px 18px; color: #1e293b; font-weight: bold;">[[ASTCT 2019]]</td>
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    CRS 的发生并非单纯由效应 T 细胞驱动，而是涉及多细胞参与的“级联放大”过程：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>启动阶段：</strong> 回输的 [[CAR-T]] 或其他免疫效应细胞识别靶抗原后迅速激活，释放 IFN-γ 和 TNF-α。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>放大阶段：</strong> 促炎因子募集并激活内源性宿主细胞，特别是[[巨噬细胞]]和单核细胞。这些细胞通过 [[NF-κB 通路]] 暴发式产生核心促炎因子 **[[IL-6]]** 和 IL-1。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>效应阶段：</strong> 高浓度的 IL-6 与受体结合，触发全身[[内皮损伤]]，导致[[毛细血管渗漏综合征]]，引发临床可见的低血压、缺氧及器官灌注不足。</li>
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    现代临床管理强调“动态分级”与“早期干预”：
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            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">级别 (Grade)</th>
            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">临床指征 (ASTCT)</th>
            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">干预策略</th>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; background: #fcfdfe; font-weight: bold;">1 级</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">发热 (≥38°C)，无血压或氧合改变。</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">对症治疗、严密监测。</td>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; background: #fcfdfe; font-weight: bold;">2 级</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">低血压 (仅需补液) 或 氧合受损。</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[托珠单抗]] ± 糖皮质激素。</td>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; background: #fcfdfe; font-weight: bold;">3/4 级</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">需升压药、高流量吸氧或机械通气。</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">大剂量激素 + 联合[[阿那白滞素]]。</td>
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    针对致力于[[CAR-T]]转化的首席科学家，CRS 的研究焦点已从“治疗”转向“预测”：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>生物标志物：</strong> 治疗后早期 **[[CRP]]**（C反应蛋白）和**铁蛋白**的倍数增长可有效预测 3 级以上 CRS 的发生风险。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>内皮保护：</strong> 监测 Ang-2/Ang-1 比例，在 CRS 早期通过维持内皮稳定性来预防向危重症演变。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>工程化优化：</strong> 研发带有“自杀开关”或可诱导式抑制元件的次世代 CAR-T，从源头控制细胞因子的释放动力学。</li>
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        [1] Lee DW, et al. "ASTCT Consensus Grading for Cytokine Release Syndrome and Immune Effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome." <em>BBMT</em>. 2019. 
        <span style="color: #64748b;">(点评：全球临床管理的共识文件，统一了严重度定义与评价体系。)</span>
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        [2] Neelapu SS, et al. "Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy — assessment and management of toxicities." <em>Nat Rev Clin Oncol</em>. 2018. 
        <span style="color: #64748b;">(点评：深度解析了巨噬细胞作为细胞因子风暴核心放大器的病理逻辑。)</span>
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        [3] Norelli M, et al. "Monocyte-derived IL-1 and IL-6 are differentially required for cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity." <em>Nature Medicine</em>. 2018. 
        <span style="color: #64748b;">(点评：揭示了 IL-1 在 CRS 中的启动作用，为阿那白滞素的应用提供了关键临床前依据。)</span>
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    <div style="background-color: #1e3a8a; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding: 12px; text-decoration: none !important;">CRS 相关领域导航</div>
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        [[ICANS]] • [[托珠单抗]] • [[IL-6 信号轴]] • [[内皮损伤]] • [[ASTCT 分级指南]]
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