查看“突变负荷”的源代码

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            <strong>[[肿瘤突变负荷]]</strong>（<strong>[[Tumor Mutation Burden]]</strong>，简称<strong>[[TMB]]</strong>）是指肿瘤细胞[[基因组]]编码区中，每百万碱基（[[Mb]]）所包含的[[非同义突变]]（[[Nonsynonymous mutation]]）总数。作为[[肿瘤免疫治疗]]领域的核心<strong>[[生物标志物]]</strong>，[[TMB]]反映了肿瘤产生<strong>[[新抗原]]</strong>（[[Neoantigen]]）的潜力。通常情况下，[[TMB]]水平越高，肿瘤被[[免疫系统]]识别并攻击的概率越大，患者从<strong>[[免疫检查点抑制剂]]</strong>（如[[PD-1单抗]]）中获益的可能性也随之增加。当前，[[TMB]]已成为指导[[不限癌种]]（[[Tumor-agnostic]]）精准免疫治疗的重要遗传学指标。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">[[肿瘤突变负荷]]</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px;">[[Tumor Mutation Burden]] / [[TMB]]</div>
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                <div style="width: 140px; height: 90px; background-color: #f1f5f9; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #94a3b8; font-size: 0.8em; padding: 10px; text-align: center;">[[突变-新抗原-T细胞]]轴模型图</div>
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            <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">核心评价单位：[[mut/Mb]]</div>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 45%;">检测金标准</th>
                <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[全外显子测序]]([[WES]])</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">高水平阈值</th>
                <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #b91c1c;">≥10[[mut/Mb]] ([[TMB-H]])</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">关键关联基因</th>
                <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[POLE]]/[[POLD1]]/[[MMR]]</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">关联通路</th>
                <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[DNA损伤修复]] ([[DDR]])</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">临床应用</th>
                <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[预测免疫疗效]]</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">推荐样本</th>
                <td style="padding: 12px; color: #0f172a;">[[肿瘤组织]] / [[ctDNA]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">生物学机制：突变与免疫原性的关联</h2>
    
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        [[TMB]]作为预测免疫获益的指标，其核心分子逻辑基于“新抗原学说”：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[体细胞突变]]累积：</strong>由于环境致癌物（如[[紫外线]]、[[烟草]]）刺激或[[DNA修复]]机制（如[[POLE]]突变或[[MMR]]缺陷）失效，肿瘤细胞内积累大量[[碱基置换]]、[[插入/缺失]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[新抗原]]产生：</strong>这些非同义突变导致蛋白质氨基酸序列改变。异常蛋白质经[[蛋白酶体]]切割成[[短肽]]，通过[[MHC]]分子呈递至细胞表面。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[T细胞]]识别：</strong>由于这些肽段未在[[胸腺]]中进行[[免疫耐受]]诱导，免疫系统将其视为“异己”。[[TMB-H]]（高突变负荷）增加了肿瘤拥有[[高免疫原性]]表位的概率。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[免疫检查点]]阻断效应：</strong>在[[PD-1抑制剂]]的作用下，肿瘤诱导的免疫抑制被解除，针对这些丰富[[新抗原]]的[[CD8+ T细胞]]发生爆发式增殖并定向杀伤。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">TMB在不同癌种中的临床特征</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">癌症类型</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">TMB中位水平</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">临床意义</th>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[恶性黑色素瘤]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">极高 (>15 mut/Mb)</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">对[[免疫联合治疗]]反应率最高。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[非小细胞肺癌]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">中等偏高</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">吸烟者[[TMB]]显著高于非吸烟者，预测一线免疫获益。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[结直肠癌]] ([[dMMR]])</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">极高 (>30 mut/Mb)</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[高度微卫星不稳定]]引起的[[超突变]]状态。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[乳腺癌]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">通常较低</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">需结合[[PD-L1]]及[[TILs]]进行综合评估。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">诊疗策略：检测平台与阈值标准化</h2>
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        [[TMB]]的应用正向着标准化和临床路径一体化迈进：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[检测技术]]选择：</strong>虽然[[全外显子测序]]([[WES]])是金标准，但临床多采用大面板[[NGS]]（覆盖度≥1.0Mb）进行评估。需通过[[bTMB]]（血检）克服组织获取困难。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[TMB-H]]的普适标准：</strong>[[FDA]]已批准[[帕博利珠单抗]]用于[[TMB]] ≥10 mut/Mb的所有成人及儿童晚期[[实体瘤]]患者。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[精准分层]]评估：</strong>[[TMB]]应与[[PD-L1]]表达水平及[[MSI]]状态并行。即使[[PD-L1]]阴性，若[[TMB-H]]亦可从免疫治疗中获益。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>注意[[假阳性]]因素：</strong>[[克隆性造血]]（[[CHIP]]）干扰或测序深度不足可能导致[[TMB]]估算偏差，需严格遵循[[TMB标准化]]指南进行生信分析。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[MSI]] / [[dMMR]]：</strong>高突变的一种遗传学原因，与高[[TMB]]高度正相关。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[新抗原]]：</strong>突变基因表达产生的全新表位，是T细胞杀伤的核心。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[POLE基因]]：</strong>负责[[DNA复制]]纠错的聚合酶，其突变会导致[[超突变]]状态（[[Ultra-mutated]]）。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[拖尾效应]]：</strong>指免疫治疗起效后，部分患者可获得长期、持续的缓解。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [1] <strong>Samstein RM, et al. (2019).</strong> <em>Tumor mutational load predicts survival after immunotherapy across multiple cancer types.</em> <strong>[[Nature Genetics]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：该项大规模分析系统性地证明了TMB在预测泛癌种免疫获益中的独立预测价值。</span>
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        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [2] <strong>Chalmers ZR, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>Analysis of 100,000 human cancer genomes reveals the landscape of tumor mutational burden.</em> <strong>[[Genome Medicine]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[核心价值]：对不同癌种TMB分布的权威描绘，为制定临床界值（Cut-off）提供了数据支持。</span>
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            [[肿瘤突变负荷]] ([[TMB]]) 临床生态 · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联因素</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[DNA修复缺失]]•[[环境致癌物暴露]]•[[POLE/D1突变]]•[[MSI]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联药物</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[帕博利珠单抗]]•[[纳武利尤单抗]]•[[伊匹木单抗]]•[[替雷利珠单抗]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">战略实体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[FDA]]•[[NCCN]]•[[Foundation Medicine]]•[[MSD]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">研究前沿</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[bTMB标准化算法]]•[[动态TMB变化预测耐药]]•[[新抗原疫苗联合治疗]]</td>
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