查看“晚期前列腺癌”的源代码

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            <strong>[[晚期前列腺癌]]</strong>（<strong>[[Advanced Prostate Cancer]]</strong>）是指前列腺癌病灶突破包膜并发生局部侵犯或远处转移（如[[骨转移]]、[[淋巴结转移]]）的恶性状态。其核心分子病理机制高度依赖于<strong>[[AR]]</strong>（[[雄激素受体]]）信号通路的持续激活。临床进程通常经历从<strong>[[转移性激素敏感性前列腺癌]]</strong>（[[mHSPC]]）向<strong>[[转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌]]</strong>（[[mCRPC]]）的演变。在[[mCRPC]]阶段，即便循环[[睾酮]]达到去势水平，肿瘤仍能通过[[AR基因扩增]]、[[AR突变]]或[[剪接变异体]]（如[[AR-V7]]）维持生长。随着[[PSMA]]核素治疗及[[PARP抑制剂]]的应用，晚期前列腺癌已进入基于基因分型的精准治疗时代。
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            <div style="font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1.2px;">[[晚期前列腺癌]]</div>
            <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.85; margin-top: 4px;">核心驱动：[[AR]]信号轴 · 点击展开</div>
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                <div style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; border-radius: 8px; background: #fff; display: inline-block;">
                    <div style="width: 140px; height: 90px; background-color: #f1f5f9; display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; color: #94a3b8; font-size: 0.8em; padding: 10px; text-align: center;">[[AR]]蛋白二聚体转录调节模型</div>
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                <div style="font-size: 0.8em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">涉及靶点：[[AR]] / [[PSA]] / [[PSMA]]</div>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; width: 45%;">核心基因([[Entrez]])</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">367([[AR]])</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">[[HGNC]]ID</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">644</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">染色体位置</th>
                    <td style="padding: 10px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">Xp12.1</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">关键分子状态</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e40af;">[[AR扩增]]/[[BRCA1/2突变]]</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">血清标志物</th>
                    <td style="padding: 8px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #0f172a;">[[PSA]] (前列腺特异抗原)</td>
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                    <th style="text-align: left; padding: 8px 12px; background-color: #f1f5f9; color: #475569;">常用影像技术</th>
                    <td style="padding: 12px; color: #0f172a;">[[PSMA-PET/CT]]</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">分子机制：从雄激素依赖到耐药演变</h2>
    
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        前列腺癌的演进主要受[[AR]]信号轴驱动，即便在去势治疗下，肿瘤仍能通过多种路径维持通路活性：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>AR过表达与扩增：</strong>肿瘤细胞通过增加[[AR]]蛋白数量或[[AR]]基因拷贝数，极大地提高了对极低浓度[[双氢睾酮]]（[[DHT]]）的敏感性。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>配体结合域（LBD）突变：</strong>特定的点突变（如[[T878A]]、[[W742C]]）可改变[[AR]]的构象，使[[孕酮]]、[[雌激素]]甚至部分[[抗雄药物]]（如[[比卡鲁胺]]）反而激活[[AR]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[AR剪接变异体]]：</strong>例如[[AR-V7]]，该变异体缺失了配体结合域，导致[[AR]]处于配体非依赖性的持续激活状态，预示着对[[阿比特龙]]、[[恩扎卢胺]]等药物的原发性耐药。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[DNA损伤修复]]（DDR）缺陷：</strong>约20%-30%的[[mCRPC]]患者携带[[BRCA1]]、[[BRCA2]]或[[ATM]]基因突变，这赋予了肿瘤极高的基因组不稳定性，但也使其对[[PARP抑制剂]]产生敏感。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">临床病理分型与诊断矩阵</h2>

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                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #0f172a; width: 25%;">临床阶段</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #475569;">分子/影像特征</th>
                <th style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; color: #1e40af;">治疗目标与原则</th>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[mHSPC]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">PSA升高，骨扫描可见病灶，激素敏感。</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">联合治疗（ADT+[[新型内分泌药物]]或化疗），延缓向CRPC转化。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[mCRPC]]</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">去势睾酮水平下PSA进展或出现新病灶。</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">精准打击：根据[[DDR]]状态或[[PSMA]]表达选择对应靶向/核素方案。</td>
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                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1; font-weight: 600;">[[骨转移]]阶段</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">[[碱性磷酸酶]]升高，成骨性改变明显。</td>
                <td style="padding: 8px; border: 1px solid #cbd5e1;">预防[[骨相关事件]]（[[SREs]]），使用[[地舒单抗]]或[[镭-223]]。</td>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">诊疗策略：多维度阻断信号传导</h2>
    
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        晚期前列腺癌的现代管理正从单一激素阻断转向垂直整合的综合治疗：
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        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>新型内分泌治疗（NHA）：</strong>如<strong>[[阿比特龙]]</strong>（抑制雄激素合成酶[[CYP17A1]]）及<strong>[[恩扎卢胺]]</strong>、<strong>[[阿帕他胺]]</strong>、<strong>[[达罗他胺]]</strong>（直接拮抗[[AR]]）。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[PSMA]]靶向疗法：</strong>利用前列腺特异性膜抗原（[[PSMA]]）的高表达，开发[[Lutetium-177 PSMA-617]]核素疗法，精准消灭转移性微小病灶。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[合成致死]]策略：</strong>针对携带[[DDR]]缺陷（如[[BRCA1/2]]）的患者，使用[[奥拉帕利]]或[[瑞卡帕利]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>细胞毒化疗：</strong>针对高肿瘤负荷或内分泌耐药患者，使用[[多西他赛]]或[[卡巴他赛]]。</li>
        <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[免疫微环境]]调节：</strong>虽然[[PD-1]]抑制剂在整体人群中有效率受限，但在具有[[MSI-H]]或[[dMMR]]特征的亚群中仍具显著意义。</li>
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    <h2 style="background: #f1f5f9; color: #0f172a; padding: 10px 18px; border-radius: 0 6px 6px 0; font-size: 1.25em; margin-top: 40px; border-left: 6px solid #0f172a; font-weight: bold;">关键相关概念</h2>
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            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[去势抵抗]] (CRPC)：</strong>即使血清睾酮 &lt;50 ng/dL，疾病依然进展的病理状态。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[PSA倍增时间]] (PSADT)：</strong>评估病情进展速度和预后的核心动力学指标。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[PSMA]]：</strong>前列腺癌细胞表面的重要诊断及治疗分子锚点。</li>
            <li style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>[[AR-V7]]：</strong>预示对二代内分泌药物耐药的重要表观遗传标志物。</li>
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        <span style="color: #0f172a; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.05em; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px;">学术参考文献与权威点评</span>
        
        <p style="margin: 12px 0; border-bottom: 1px solid #e2e8f0; padding-bottom: 10px;">
            [1] <strong>Parker C, et al. (2020).</strong> <em>Prostate cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up.</em> <strong>[[Annals of Oncology]]</strong>.[Academic Review]<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[权威点评]：该指南定义了晚期前列腺癌从敏感期到抵抗期的标准化分类与阶梯式治疗路径。</span>
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            [2] <strong>Scher HI, et al. (2016).</strong> <em>Trial Design and Objectives for Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Updated Recommendations From the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group 3 (PCWG3).</em> <strong>[[Journal of Clinical Oncology]]</strong>.<br>
            <span style="color: #475569;">[核心价值]：提出了CRPC阶段疾病进展的新标准，特别强调了骨转移灶的动态监测意义。</span>
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            [[晚期前列腺癌]] 诊疗生态 · 知识图谱
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">关联因子</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[AR]]•[[KLK3]] (PSA)•[[PSMA]]•[[BRCA2]]•[[TMPRSS2-ERG]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">代表药物</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[阿比特龙]]•[[恩扎卢胺]]•[[奥拉帕利]]•[[多西他赛]]•[[瑞格列克]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">战略实体</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[MSKCC]]•[[Mayo Clinic]]•[[AstraZeneca]]•[[Janssen]]•[[EAU]]</td>
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                <td style="width: 85px; background-color: #f8fafc; color: #334155; font-weight: 600; padding: 10px 12px; text-align: right; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap;">研究前沿</td>
                <td style="padding: 10px 15px; color: #334155;">[[针对AR-V7的蛋白降解剂(PROTAC)]]•[[双特异性抗体STEAP1-BiTE]]•[[PSMA-ADC联合疗法]]</td>
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