查看“抗原提呈”的源代码

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        <strong>抗原提呈</strong>（Antigen Presentation）是机体免疫应答的核心起始环节。该过程涉及[[抗原提呈细胞]]（APCs）对内源性或外源性蛋白质的摄取、蛋白水解及加工，随后将其转化为具有免疫活性的[[抗原肽]]，并与[[主要组织相容性复合体]]（MHC）结合呈递至细胞表面，供 [[T细胞受体]]（TCR）特异性识别。在[[肿瘤免疫学]]中，抗原提呈的完整性是实现[[免疫循环]]（Immunity-Cancer Cycle）的首要前提，其效率受 [[HLA]] 多态性及肿瘤微环境内[[免疫抑制]]信号的深度调节。
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        <div style="font-size: 1.25em; font-weight: bold; letter-spacing: 1px;">抗原提呈 · 生物学全息图</div>
        <div style="font-size: 0.75em; opacity: 0.8; margin-top: 4px; white-space: nowrap;">Antigen Presentation (点击展开详细数据)</div>
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                [[文件:Antigen_Presentation_MHC_System.png|220px|抗原提呈分子机制]]
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            <div style="font-size: 0.85em; color: #64748b; margin-top: 12px; font-weight: 600;">内源性与外源性抗原加工路径</div>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; width: 35%; background-color: #fcfdfe;">核心复合物</th>
                <td style="padding: 12px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #1e293b;">pMHC (Peptide-MHC)</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; background-color: #fcfdfe;">专业细胞</th>
                <td style="padding: 12px 18px; border-bottom: 1px solid #f1f5f9; color: #1e293b;">DC, B-cell, Mφ</td>
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                <th style="text-align: left; padding: 12px 18px; color: #64748b; font-weight: 600; background-color: #fcfdfe;">技术前沿</th>
                <td style="padding: 12px 18px; color: #1e293b; font-weight: bold;">[[免疫肽组学]]</td>
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<h2 style="background: linear-gradient(to right, #1e3a8a, #ffffff); color: #ffffff; padding: 8px 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 1.2em; margin-top: 35px;">抗原提呈的双路径模型与交叉提呈机制</h2>
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    抗原提呈通过高度精密的时空控制，确保免疫系统能准确识别“自身”与“非己”：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>MHC-I 路径（经典的内源性途径）：</strong> 胞质内合成的抗原（如肿瘤蛋白）经[[蛋白酶体]]降解，通过 [[TAP]] 转运至内质网并负载至 MHC-I 分子，提呈给 [[CD8+ T细胞]]，介导细胞毒性杀伤。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>MHC-II 路径（经典的外源性途径）：</strong> APCs 胞吞外源抗原，在[[溶酶体]]内降解，与 MHC-II 分子结合后呈递给 [[CD4+ T细胞]]，启动[[体液免疫]]或辅助细胞应答。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 12px;"><strong>[[交叉提呈]] (Cross-presentation)：</strong> 树突状细胞（DCs）具备将捕获的外源性肿瘤抗原通过 MHC-I 路径呈递给 CD8+ T 细胞的特殊能力。这是诱导初级 [[CTL应答]] 并在实体瘤中实现治疗获益的决定性环节。</li>
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<h2 style="background: linear-gradient(to right, #1e3a8a, #ffffff); color: #ffffff; padding: 8px 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 1.2em; margin-top: 35px;">肿瘤免疫中的提呈障碍与干预对比</h2>

<h3 style="color: #1e40af; border-bottom: 2px solid #dbeafe; display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 20px;">1. MHC 丢失变异与免疫逃逸</h3>
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    肿瘤细胞常通过基因或表观遗传手段使抗原提呈链条断裂：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>[[B2M]] 基因突变：</strong> 导致 MHC-I 无法正确折叠和膜表达。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>[[LOH]] (杂合性丢失)：</strong> 特定 [[HLA]] 等位基因的丢失使得特定的肿瘤[[新抗原]]无法被提呈，导致[[TCR-T]]治疗失效。</li>
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<h3 style="color: #1e40af; border-bottom: 2px solid #dbeafe; display: inline-block; padding-bottom: 3px; margin-top: 20px;">2. 提升提呈效率的临床干预手段</h3>
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            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">干预策略</th>
            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">机制核心</th>
            <th style="padding: 12px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; color: #1e3a8a;">适用场景</th>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; font-weight: bold;">[[IFN-γ]] 增敏</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">上调 MHC-I 及其加工组件</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">提呈下调型肿瘤</td>
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            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0; font-weight: bold;">DC 细胞疫苗</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">体外负载抗原肽激活专业提呈</td>
            <td style="padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #e2e8f0;">诱导从无到有的免疫响应</td>
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<h2 style="background: linear-gradient(to right, #1e3a8a, #ffffff); color: #ffffff; padding: 8px 15px; border-radius: 4px; font-size: 1.2em; margin-top: 35px;">2025 全息视角：AI 驱动的抗原提呈预测</h2>
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    抗原提呈的研究正由定性分析转向全量数字化的**[[免疫肽组学]]**预测：
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    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>[[全息图谱]]整合：</strong> 利用质谱数据与[[深度学习]]算法（如 NetMHCpan-2025版）精准识别肿瘤表面真实存在的 peptide-HLA 组合。</li>
    <li style="margin-bottom: 10px;"><strong>空间提呈强度：</strong> 通过[[空间组学]]识别 APCs 与效应 T 细胞在组织内的共定位模式，动态评估提呈事件的真实发生概率。</li>
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    <strong>【 参考文献与点评 】</strong><br>
    [1] <strong>Neefjes J, et al. (2011).</strong> <em>"Towards a systems understanding of MHC class I and MHC class II antigen presentation."</em> <strong>Nature Reviews Immunology</strong>. <br>
    <span style="color: #94a3b8;">[点评：经典综述，系统构建了抗原提呈的双路径模型及分子转运机制。]</span><br>
    
    [2] <strong>Sahin U, Türeci Ö. (2018/2024 更新版).</strong> <em>"Personalized vaccines for cancer immunotherapy."</em> <strong>Science</strong>. <br>
    <span style="color: #94a3b8;">[点评：论证了抗原提呈是新抗原疫苗设计的基石，强调了 HLA 亲和力预测的重要性。]</span><br>
    
    [3] <strong>Gettinger S, et al. (2017).</strong> <em>"Impaired HLA Class I Antigen Processing and Presentation as a Mechanism of Acquired Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors."</em> <strong>Cancer Discovery</strong>. <br>
    <span style="color: #94a3b8;">[点评：明确了抗原提呈障碍是导致免疫检查点抑制剂耐药的核心临床证据。]</span><br>
    
    [4] <strong>Jhunjhunwala S, et al. (2021).</strong> <em>"Antigen presentation in cancer: insights into mechanisms and barriers."</em> <strong>Nature Reviews Cancer</strong>. <br>
    <span style="color: #94a3b8;">[点评：详述了肿瘤微环境如何物理性和生化性地抑制 APCs 的提呈功能。]</span><br>
    
    [5] <strong>Embgenbroich M, Burgdorf S. (2018).</strong> <em>"Current Concepts of Antigen Cross-Presentation."</em> <strong>Frontiers in Immunology</strong>. <br>
    <span style="color: #94a3b8;">[点评：深度解析了树突状细胞交叉提呈的亚细胞区室演变机制。]</span>
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    <div style="background-color: #1e3a8a; color: #ffffff; text-align: center; font-weight: bold; padding: 12px;">抗原提呈相关导航</div>
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        [[MHC分子结构]] • [[树突状细胞功能]] • [[交叉提呈路径]] • [[癌症疫苗]] • [[TCR亲和力预测]]
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